ಸಿಂಥೆಟಿಕ್ ಮಿನಿಮಲಿಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಜೀನೋಮ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಜೀವಕೋಶಗಳು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಕೋಶ ವಿಭಜನೆಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗುತ್ತವೆ

ಜೀವಕೋಶಗಳು with fully artificial synthesized ಜೀನೋಮ್ were reported first in 2010 from which a minimalistic ಜೀನೋಮ್ cell was derived that ಕೋಶ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಅಸಹಜ ರೂಪವಿಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸಿದೆ. ಈ ಕನಿಷ್ಠೀಯ ಕೋಶಕ್ಕೆ ವಂಶವಾಹಿಗಳ ಗುಂಪಿನ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಸೇರ್ಪಡೆಯು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಕೋಶ ವಿಭಜನೆಯನ್ನು ಪುನಃಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು

ಜೀವಕೋಶಗಳು ಜೀವನದ ಮೂಲಭೂತ ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ಘಟಕಗಳಾಗಿವೆ, 1839 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಕ್ಲೀಡೆನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ವಾನ್ ಅವರು ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪಿಸಿದ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಂದಿನಿಂದ, ಕೋಶವು ಹೇಗೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಭಜಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಜೆನೆಟಿಕ್ ಕೋಡ್ ಅನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಸೆಲ್ಯುಲಾರ್ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇದೇ ರೀತಿಯ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಜೀವಕೋಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಾಕುತ್ತದೆ. ಆಗಮನದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಡಿಎನ್ಎ sequencing, it has been possible to decode the sequence of the ಜೀನೋಮ್ thereby making an attempt to understand the cellular processes to comprehend the basis of life. In the year 1984, Morowitz proposed the study of mycoplasmas, the simplest ಜೀವಕೋಶಗಳು capable of autonomous growth, for understanding the basic principles of life.  

Since then, several attempts have been made to reduce the ಜೀನೋಮ್ size to a minimalistic number giving rise to a cell that is capable of performing all the basic cellular functions. The experiments first led to the chemical synthesis of Mycoplasma mycoides ಜೀನೋಮ್ of 1079 Kb in the year 2010 and was named as JCVI-syn1.0. Further deletions made in JCVI-syn1.0 by Hutchinson III et al. (1) gave rise to JCVI-syn3.0 in 2016 that had a ಜೀನೋಮ್ size of 531 Kb with 473 genes and had a doubling time of 180 minutes, albeit having an abnormal morphology upon cell division. It still had 149 genes with unknown biological functions, suggesting the presence of still undiscovered elements that are essential for life. However, JCVI-syn3.0 provides a platform for investigating and understanding life functions by applying the principles of whole-ಜೀನೋಮ್ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ. 

Recently, on March 29 2021, Pelletier and colleagues (2) used JCVI syn3.0 to understand the genes required for cell division and morphology by introducing 19 genes in the ಜೀನೋಮ್ of JCVI syn3.0, giving rise to JCVI syn3.0A that has a morphology similar to JCVI syn1.0. upon cell division. 7 of these 19 genes, includes two known cell division genes and 4 genes encoding membrane-associated proteins of unknown function, which together restored the phenotype similar to that of JCVI-syn1.0. This result suggests the polygenic nature of cell division and morphology in a genomically minimal cell.  

Given the fact that the JCVI syn3.0 is capable of surviving and multiplying based on its minimalistic ಜೀನೋಮ್, it can be used as a model organism to create different cell types having varied functions that can be beneficial to humans and the environment. For example, one can introduce genes that lead to dissolution of plastics so that the new organism made can be used for degradation of plastics in a biological manner. Similarly, once can envisage adding genes pertaining to photosynthesis in JCVI syn3.0 making it amenable to use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere thereby reducing its levels and help in reducing global warming, a major climatic issue facing mankind. However, such experiments have to be treated with utmost caution to ensure that we do not release a super organism in the environment that is difficult to control once it is released. 

Nonetheless, the idea of having a cell with minimalistic genome and its biological manipulation can lead to creation of varied cell types with diverse functions capable of solving major issues facing mankind and its ultimate survival. However, there is a distinction between creation of a fully synthetic cell versus creation of a functionally synthetic ಜೀನೋಮ್. An ideal completely synthetic artificial cell would consist of a synthesized ಜೀನೋಮ್ along with synthesized cytoplasmic components, a feat which scientists would love to achieve sooner than later in the coming years as the technological advances reach its peak.  

ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯು ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಿತ ಕೋಶದ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ಮೆಟ್ಟಿಲು ಆಗಿರಬಹುದು. 

***

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು:  

1. Hutchison III C, Chuang R., et al 2016. Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial ಜೀನೋಮ್. ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ 25 ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 2016: ಸಂಪುಟ. 351, ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 6280, aad6253 
   ನಾನ: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6253   

2. ಪೆಲ್ಲೆಟಿಯರ್ ಜೆಎಫ್, ಸನ್ ಎಲ್., ಮತ್ತು ಇತರರು 2021. ಜೀನೋಮಿಕಲಿ ಮಿನಿಮಲ್ ಸೆಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕೋಶ ವಿಭಜನೆಗೆ ಜೆನೆಟಿಕ್ ಅಗತ್ಯತೆಗಳು. ಕೋಶ. ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ: ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 29, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.008 

***